A heart attack happens when one or more of your coronary arteries becomes blocked, preventing necessary blood flow and oxygen from getting to your heart muscle.
Nearly half of those who die suddenly from heart problems die outside of a hospital without getting the treatment that could have saved their lives. That’s why it’s so important to be able to recognize early signs of a heart attack, so you can get care quickly to restore blood flow.
Not everyone will experience the exact same heart attack symptoms. And it’s important to know that some heart attack symptoms are similar to those of other conditions. But don’t hesitate to call 911 even if you’re not sure it’s a heart attack. It’s always best to get your heart checked out if you have any concerns.
Below is an overview of the heart attack symptoms you need to know, as well as more detailed information on the types of heart attacks and why they happen.
What does a heart attack feel like?
Not everyone experiences a heart attack in the same way, but chest pain is the most common symptom. It can range from mild to severe and feel like an uncomfortable pressure, tightness, squeezing or heaviness in your chest. The discomfort can last more than a few minutes at a time and sometimes goes away for a short time but returns later.
Heart attack chest pain is usually in the center of the chest, but some people may feel pain in the lower chest or upper abdomen. Other common heart attack symptoms include shortness of breath, nausea, cold sweats, lightheadedness, and pain in the jaw, left arm or neck.
It’s also possible to have a heart attack and not know that it’s happening because it has no symptoms or only mild symptoms. This is called a “silent” heart attack. If you have a silent attack, you won’t have chest pain or shortness of breath. Instead, you may feel like you have the flu, indigestion or a pulled muscle in your chest or upper back. You may also feel nothing at all.
Traditional heart attack symptoms can be painful or uncomfortable
Chest pain and shortness of breath are the most common symptoms of a traditional heart attack. A heart attack can also cause pain and discomfort throughout your body.
Call 911 right away if you experience any of these symptoms:
- Chest pain, chest discomfort or chest pressure that lasts more than a few minutes or goes away and returns
- Shortness of breath with or without chest pain
- Pain or a sensation of being squeezed that starts in the upper back
- Pain that starts from your left shoulder and arm, and goes into other areas such as your back, jaw, neck or right arm
- Dizziness, lightheadedness or fainting
- Cold sweats
- Nausea and vomiting
Silent heart attack symptoms can be very mild
Silent heart attack symptoms are mild and may seem unrelated to your heart. But a silent heart attack can be just as damaging as a traditional heart attack, so make sure to seek medical care if you have any of the following symptoms for no apparent reason.
- Flu-like symptoms
- A sore muscle in your upper back or chest
- Achiness in your jaw, arms or upper back
- Extreme tiredness
- Indigestion
What to do when you’re having a heart attack (or think you might be having one)
- Call 911 immediately.
- Chew one full-strength aspirin (325 mg tablet) or 2-4 low-dose aspirin (81 mg tablets) to help keep your blood from clotting.
- Stay on the phone with the emergency operator as you wait for an ambulance. Do not try to drive yourself (or your loved one) to the hospital.
If you’re not sure it’s a heart attack, don’t ignore your symptoms. Call for help anyway. If you are having a heart attack, the sooner you get to the hospital, the sooner your care team can work to restore blood flow and reduce further heart damage.
Warning signs of a heart attack in women vs. men
Women are more likely than men to have silent heart attacks and heart attacks without chest pain. Heart attacks are also more likely to start when a woman is at rest or experiencing mental stress.
That means it’s especially important for women to watch out for symptoms like shortness of breath, extreme fatigue, nausea or vomiting, or pain in the jaw, arms or back.
Also, we now know that young women are particularly prone to a type of heart event called a spontaneous coronary artery dissection (SCAD), which we talk about more in depth below.
Types of heart attacks
The scientific term for a heart attack is myocardial infarction or MI for short. There are different kinds of heart attacks, and the severity, diagnosis and treatment for each may be different.
What all heart attacks have in common is that something is preventing oxygen-containing, nutrient-rich blood from getting to the heart muscle. The amount of damage to the heart will depend on the type of heart attack, the severity of blockage and the time it took to get treated.
Here’s what you need to know about the types of heart attacks:
STEMI
A STEMI heart attack is known as a “classic” or massive heart attack. But what is a STEMI heart attack exactly? STEMI stands for ST-elevation myocardial infarction. This type of heart attack is caused by a complete blockage in one of the coronary arteries supplying blood to the heart muscle.
A STEMI is usually associated with coronary artery disease (CAD). CAD is caused by plaque buildup in the walls of the arteries that supply blood to the heart and other parts of the body. Plaque is made up of deposits of cholesterol and other substances. Over time, it can build up and narrow the arteries, obstructing blood flow. This is where a major blockage can occur suddenly, resulting in a massive heart attack.
NSTEMI
NSTEMI stands for Non-ST-elevation myocardial infarction. This type of heart attack occurs when an artery is partially blocked, severely reducing blood flow to the heart.
Like a STEMI heart attack, an NSTEMI heart attack is usually caused by plaque buildup. However, the reduction in blood flow is less sudden or severe, so an NSTEMI is typically less damaging to the heart.
Spontaneous coronary artery dissection
SCAD is a type of heart attack that happens when the inner lining of a coronary artery tears for no clear reason, slowing or blocking blood flow down the artery.
SCAD can occur in otherwise healthy people who do not have the typical risk factors of heart disease. And according to an article in Clinical Cardiology , about 90% of SCADs happen to women between the age of 30 and 60.
Coronary artery spasm
A coronary artery spasm (CAS) is a brief, sudden narrowing of a coronary artery that reduces or completely blocks blood flow. A CAS can occasionally lead to a heart attack if the spasm is complete and long-lasting.
CAS is sometimes referred to as vasospastic or variant angina, and often happens when a person is at rest or asleep.
Additionally, coronary artery spasms often happen to people without common risk factors like high blood pressure or high cholesterol levels. However, they’re more common in smokers. So, quitting smoking can reduce your risk of CAS.
Cardiac arrest vs. heart attack
Heart attack and cardiac arrest are both serious medical emergencies. A heart attack occurs when there’s not enough blood flowing to the heart muscle. Heart attacks can be immediate and intense, or more subtle. Less commonly, you can have a heart attack with no symptoms at all. Seeking emergency care is essential to prevent serious heart damage and possibly death.
During a cardiac arrest, the heart stops pumping blood throughout the body. Cardiac arrest can occur for multiple reasons, including problems with the electrical system of the heart (heart rhythm problems). Cardiac arrest occurs suddenly and often without warning. The electrical impulses may be too fast or too slow, or the heartbeats may not be strong enough for your heart to effectively pump blood to your brain, lungs and other organs. When this happens, a person loses consciousness and has no pulse.
After sudden cardiac arrest, a person needs immediate CPR and emergency medical care, which may include the use of a defibrillator – a device that sends an electrical current to the heart.
Know your heart care options
You can’t predict if a heart attack will happen. But knowing where you can get the right heart care is one thing you can do. Our nationally recognized cardiac centers include:
- Regions Hospital Heart Center in St. Paul, MN, is consistently recognized as one of the nation’s top cardiac centers. You’ll get the highest level of care in every situation, starting with emergency treatment all the way through the recovery process.
- Park Nicollet Heart and Vascular Center, located in St. Louis Park, MN, is nationally recognized for offering outstanding, responsive care for heart attacks and other cardiac conditions. This center is accredited as a Mission: Lifeline® Heart Attack Receiving Center by the American Heart Association, so you can expect first-rate treatment, especially in time-sensitive situations.
- Cardiac rehabilitation services are offered across the Twin Cities and western Wisconsin. Recovering from a heart attack takes time, but you don’t have to go through it alone. We offer personalized cardiac rehabilitation at seven convenient locations, so it’s easy to get the support you – and your heart – need.
Get the heart care you need, when you need it
Each year about 805,000 Americans have a heart attack, and about 695,000 died of heart disease in 2021, according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. This means heart disease is responsible for one in every five deaths, making it the leading cause of death for both men and women.
There are many things you can do for heart attack prevention and to improve your heart age – and the good news is that little changes can make a big difference. Start by adding heart-healthy foods in your diet, exercising for heart health and watching your cholesterol and blood pressure levels. And, if you have a history of heart disease, ask your doctor if you could benefit from taking low-dose aspirin for your heart.
Remember, if you think you’re having a heart attack:
- Call 911 immediately.
- Chew one adult-strength (or 2-4 low dose) aspirin to help keep your blood from clotting.
- Stay on the phone with the emergency operator as you wait for an ambulance. Do not try to drive yourself to the hospital.
A heart attack can be a scary experience. But remember that we’re here for you, and comprehensive heart care and recovery options are never far away.